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There are seven species of sea turtle recognised globally, these are the Green turtle (Chelonia mydas), Flatback (Natator depressus), Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempi), Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), and Loggerhead (Caretta caretta). The Green and Hawksbill species are relatively common in Fiji, whereas the Loggerhead and the Leatherback are quite rare.
Sea turtles have lived in oceans for over 100 million years, but in the past 50-100 years, the numbers have declined to such a level that they are classified as endangered and may even become extinct.
Turtles are reptiles - like snakes and lizards. Like all reptiles they avoid extremes of temperatures. Sea turtles are found mainly in tropical and sub-tropical waters. They show a number of adaptations to the marine environment. The shell is much thinner than that of land turtles (tortoises). The legs of sea turtles develop into flippers; excellent for swimming but awkward for the females when they come ashore to lay their eggs. Turtles are able to get rid of extra salt, absorbed from the environment, through special tear ducts. These 'tears' have given rise to the idea that captured or nestling turtles'cry'.
The Hawksbill turtle is one of the smaller species and has a distinctive and very beautiful shell made up of overlapping plates. It is most easily recognised by the notched edges or 'spurs' to the 22 edge plates of its shell. The adult turtle is about 90cm long. Hawksbill turtles feed on sponges, ascidians and soft corals, which are found on the reef.
Hawksbill turtles live near the shore and the females come ashore on many small islands in the Fiji group between November and February to lay eggs.
Here is the miniature sheet comprising of four stamps depicting the four main stages in the life cycle of the Hawksbill turtle. The designs are as follows:
| 63 cents - Female Hawksbill
This shows a female Hawksbill turtle, laying her eggs after having struggled up the beach to dig out her nest. The female turtle digs a hole around herself by scooping away the dry sand with her front flippers. She uses the back flippers to dig into the damp sand below to form a vertical tunnel, the egg chamber. The number of eggs laid, is generally between 100-200. She covers them up then crawls back to the water but will return to lay another clutch of eggs, after a period of about two weeks. The eggs, incubate in the sand for seven to twelve weeks before hatching. The temperature of the sand, around the eggs, determines the sex of the hatchlings. While warm sand produces mostly females, cool sand temperatures produce mainly male hatchlings. Females lay more than one clutch in a season and they usually come back to the same beach to lay. Turtles lay eggs every 2-3 years. |
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| 81 cents - Group of baby hawksbill
On this stamp, a group of Baby Hawksbill turtles can be seen emerging from the nest, and scrambling towards the sea. Birds and other predators, such as crabs, eat a few of the young turtles, but once they reach the reef flat many of the hatchlings are prey to fish or sharks. It is hard to tell the sex of a small turtle just by looking at it. Once a turtle becomes an adult, a male can be identified by its long tail and long claws on the front of the flippers. An adult female is believed to be 20-50 years old before she can lay eggs. |
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| $1.06 - Hawksbill at adolescence
This stamp features a stage in the turtle's life cycle that very little is known about. After leaving the nest and entering the ocean, turtles are seldom seen until many years later. Those hatchlings, which survive to cross the reef, swim until they reach deep water where ocean currents help the turtles drift for the first few years. Turtles are rarely seen again until their carapace is 35-40cm long when they move to live and feed in shallow waters. |
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| $2 - The adult Hawksbill
The highest value, the F$2.00 stamp, shows the results of many years of seclusion and a life fraught with danger. Once mature, adult male and female turtles migrate from feeding grounds to nesting beaches, where mating takes place in the shallow waters. After mating, the males return to the feeding grounds, while the females stay near the nesting beaches, where a month later she clambers out of the sea and up to the beach to lay her eggs. The long-term survival of this species is dependent on how many adult (egg producing) turtles we allow to reproduce. |
| Title | The Life Cycle Of Turtles |
| Values | 63c, 81c, $1.06, $2 |
| Designer | Sue Wickison |
| Scientific Advisors | Aisake Batibasaga & Paul Carrington |
| Printer | BDT International Security Printing Ltd. |
| Process | Lithography |
| Stamp Size | 28.45 x 42.58 mm |
| S/S Size | 140 x 85 mm |
| Stamp Format | Landscape |
| Set | Nil |
| Perforation | |
| Gauge | 14 per 2cm |
| Paper | Crown Agents Spiral Watermarked |
This issue is now only available through dealers.